Добро пожаловать в «полное (и по большей части точное) руководство по недокументированным возможностям и модификациям "Kenwood TH-78 портативный трансивер." Пользовательская инструкция для TH-78 хороша, но она опускает документирования функциональность и модификации, которые расширенные функциональные возможности. Эта инструкция не прилагается, но поможет узнать много полезных особенностей.
Kenwood не подтвердит, ни опровергнет все, что вы здесь читаете; исследования были долгим процессом работы с радиолюбителями которые оба были готовы пожертвовать свои радиоприемники для экспериментов и энтузиазма с бизнес-конце паяльником. Насколько мне известно, все в этом руководстве, является точным. Я выкладываю эту информацию всю без гарантий относительно ее использования для определенной цели; потому Kenwood делает изменения их производственного процесса, не давая мне знать, любой режим может не работать на вашем устройстве (но я уже отмечал потерю настроек, о которых я знаю). Я, конечно, не гарантирую, что вы можете выполнить операцию поверхностного монтажа диодов безошибочно, и что это не губит рацию. Если вы обнаружили упущения или ошибки, пожалуйста, дайте мне знать. И не забудьте указать дату документа, написанную выше.
Этот документ заменяет все другие попытки документирования изменений в TH-78, что я нашел на общественных режим серверах, в том числе th78a-0.режим, th78a-1.режим, th78a-2.режим, th78a-полнокомплектный режим, th78a -новые модификации, и th78a-ошибочные модификации. Я сотрудничал с авторами этих файлов, где я мог выследить их.
Документ датируется пятницей 17 Ноября 1995г.
Обзор статьи
Ever since this guide has been loosed on the net, every so often [someone] asks me: Would you happen to know a similar list for the (insert режимel) radio?
Sorry, no. I know only about the radio I own. If you want to send me a radio I may make the time to investigate the heck out of it. There are web pages and "режим servers" out there.
старые модели, новые модели
Kenwood considers any TH-78 with a serial number greater than 405xxx to be a new-режимel TH-78. The ARTSCI 5A techрежим book calls this the "Later режимel (with green jumpers)". As the режимifications differ for the режимels, determining which one yours is becomes worthwhile. In this document I use the terms "early-режимel" and "late-режимel".
William A Kirsanoff explained that старых-моделях TH-78s had a fault in the microprocessor that resulted in an inability to store a PL (Phase Lock) tone in the call channels. Those who complained rad the new processor installed by Kenwood when it became available. (There are two microprocessors in the TH-78; we're referring to the one at IC 5. Replacement microprocessors may have a paper label pasted on the top surface.)
The appearance of jumpers on the SMC (surface-mount component) diodes happened around this time, probably to make режимification easier; one no longer needs to go poking around in the radio's delicate innards with a fat soldering iron. (When William's early-режимel TH-78 was upgraded his режимs (removed diodes) were left in place.)
I've Приёмd email suggesting that TH-78s made after April 1994 which have serial numbers in the form 410xxx will not Приём 800-900 MHz (the cellular telephone range) even after being режимified. This would be in keeping with the U.S. Electronic Communications Privacy Act, which resulted in similar changes to scanners.
Базовые режимы для Kenwood TH-78
Instructions herein presume that you're looking at the CPU board with the rotary encoders and TX/RX busy indicators at the top.
To open the radio, follow the instructions on page 64 of the manual. Unscrew four screws and break apart the radio halves. The two TX/RX busy indicator light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have tiny rubber seals placed over them. These have a tendency to fall off when opening or closing the radio.
If you have installed the Kenwood Memory Enhancement (ME-1) EEPROM temporarily remove it for easier access to the diodes.
Before you desolder anything make sure that the instructions for the режим you've decided on require it.
Covering the processor chip and the SMC diodes is a brass shield about one centimeter square. De-solder the shield's four corners with a pin-point soldering iron and lift it with right-angle surgical tweezers.
Uncovered are the processor (which we ignore) and six surface-mount diodes, numbered sequentially from one through six (D1 - D6), top to bottom. To an eye used to standard-sized electronic components these millimeter-wide specks seem too small for removal.
Late-режимel TH-78s have two large loops of green wire; the top one is W2, the bottom, W1.
режимifications are done by breaking the circuits created by the wire or the diodes. Removing diodes is done by using a pin-point-tip soldering iron and braid (to wick away the solder before you lift out the diode). The diode can also be lifted slightly but left in place. Rich Garcia said "I found if you briefly touch the iron to the right side lead while gently pulling up on the SMC diode it should completely come off without needing to apply heat to the other side and further risk board damage."
After performing a режим (or режимs) replace the brass shield and re-assemble the radio. Then reset the processor (as documented in the manual) and re-enter any frequencies into memory.
режимifications for the Kenwood TH-78
There are several режимifications that extend transmit and Приём ranges. In order of increasing range, they are:
The "extended Приём" режим - Extends the Приём range while providing no additional transmit capability. This режим is used by radio shops to pacify hams who demand more. (The few stores that know of the "MARS/CAP" режим won't tell you because they don't want to be fingered when you transmit out of band.
The "MARS/CAP" режим - Extents the transmit and Приём range to include the operation frequencies of the Military Assistance Radio Service (MARS) and the Civil Air Patrol (CAP). Since the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) prohibits the use of "non-type-accepted" (режимified) radios, I'm not sure if MARS/CAP folks can use this режим, or only their overseas counterparts.
The "beyond MARS" режим - Provides the greatest range extention.
I've been told that you must choose one of these режимs, that they're mutually exclusive. I believe that's what I experienced during my early режимs. One ham, "DAP", said the "extended Приём" and "MARS/CAP" режимs can coexist in late-режимel TH-78s (that is, both green wires can be cut). This seems to be the case; a table of that performance profile is shown.
There is also a режим that increases radio functionality:
The "cross-band repeat" режим - Converts your TH-78 into a repeater that weighs almost nothing
The "extended Приём" режим
Early-режимel instructions: Remove diode 5 (D5).
Late-режимel instructions: Remove diode 5 (D5) or - without any de-soldering or plate removal - cut wire 2 (W2).
The "extended Приём" режим
Range
TX
RX
50.000 - 84.199
Y
85.200 - 109.995
Y
110.000 - 117.995
Y
118.000 - 135.995
Y
136.000 - 141.995
Y
142.000 - 151.995
Y
152.000 - 173.995
Y
174.000 - 179.995
Y
300.000 - 399.995
Y
400.000 - 424.995
Y
425.000 - 454.995
Y
455.000 - 511.995
Y
800.000 - 999.995
Y
To access the extended range, press 'F' for one second and then pressing the Band button, or F(1)+Band. This will switch the UHF VFO to an 800-999.995 MHz band and the VHF VFO to a 300-399.995 MHz band. The regular VHF VFO will now Приём down to 50 Mhz.
The "CAP/MARS" режим
Early-режимel instructions: Remove D6 only.
Late-режимel instructions: Remove D6 only or cut wire 1 (W1).
The "CAP/MARS" режим
Range
TX
RX
50.000 - 84.199
85.200 - 109.995
110.000 - 117.995
118.000 - 135.995
Y
136.000 - 141.995
Y
142.000 - 151.995
Y
Y
152.000 - 173.995
Y
174.000 - 179.995
300.000 - 399.995
400.000 - 424.995
Y
425.000 - 454.995
Y
Y
455.000 - 511.995
Y
800.000 - 999.995
If your radio allows both the "extended range" and "CAP/MARS" режимs to be made simultaneously (see note above) then your post-режим performance will look like:
Late-режимel instructions: Remove diode 3 (D3) and cut wire 1 (W1). D5 has priority over D3, so if you've already made the режимs for the early режимel (which included the removal of D5) you must resolder D3 into D5.
The "beyond MARS" режим
Range
TX
RX
50.000 - 84.199
Y
85.200 - 109.995
Y
110.000 - 117.995
Y
118.000 - 135.995
Y
136.000 - 141.995
Y
Y
142.000 - 151.995
Y
Y
152.000 - 179.995
Y
Y
300.000 - 399.995
Y
400.000 - 424.995
Y
Y
425.000 - 454.995
Y
Y
455.000 - 511.995
Y
Y
800.000 - 999.995
Y
To access the extended range, press 'F' for one second and then pressing the Band button, or F(1)+Band. This will switch the UHF VFO to an 800-999.995 MHz band and the VHF VFO to a 300-399.995 MHz band. The regular VHF VFO will now Приём down to 50 Mhz.
I haven't been able to verify the actual operation of my radio on all these freqs.
Kenwood talks about the difference between the "dialable" range and the operating range, but I'm not sure what they mean (and they're not too keen on clarifying).
To toggle the repeater режимe, press 'F' for one second, then '0', or F(1)+0. The MHz dot will flash when in repeater режимe.
режимs: what we know we don't know
You'll notice that none of the режимs use diodes D1 or D2, which brings to mind their purpose. It has been suggested that one of them toggles the American (TH-78a) or European (TH-78e) state.
Brendan Hoar said "I think removal of D1 causes "Forced Channelized режимe", at least on the late-режимel radios. If you put both VHF and UHF memories into a TH-78a without D1 and power on, you are stuck in channel режимe until you do a full memory reset. Remember, you can't add frequencies or do any tuning in channel режимe. (If you think about it, you'll want to be very careful not to let D1's circut become an open circut.)"
All original functions have stayed the same, which is great. It seems that VHF-High band has improved a bit on sensivity where it was dead as a dog before the режим (above 155.000 MHz). The 162.000 MHz band - where weather radio is - remains a bit deaf at any distance greater than about 20 miles (taking into account terrain and transmitter output power).
On UHF all public safety frequencies up to about 500 MHz seem to come in well but sensivity greatly drops from there (we really can't ask for more). Frequencies can be programed in up to the 920 MHz ham band but I have no way of measuring sensivity. 800 MHz works but the signals are very weak, you must be near the transmitter for reception. Assuming you are in the town or city where the transmissions originate, it should work.
Transmit is enabled up to and including 500 MHz, but after testing this on a frequency counter I find that a signal is only generated to about 490 MHz, even though the transmit LED shows output in the higher frequencies.
Cross-band repeat seems to work fine, but the audio is unacceptable for use. Be aware that the radio gets hot! Prolonged use or use on a busy frequency would not be recommended. Also remember this is a dual band HT; please use a proper antenna while in cross-band режимe to avoid a high SWR (We should all know better...right?)
Blood did the "beyond Mars" режим on his late-режимel TH-78. He noticed that he's lost the automatic repeater shift function.
Another person said ""I found that marine weather reports at 162.40 MHz in my area were Приёмd much better on the SUB-VHF band, than on the VHF band. If you are having problems with interрежимulation try switching bands (use the SUB-VHF band rather than the VHF band).
Undocumented functions of the TH-78
These are the functions that are undocumented in the TH-78 user's manual.
Toggle SHIFT button function
The TH-78 can operate in one of two режимes:
In Split режимe non-standard offsets (i.e. split frequencies) are supported, but the default offset is not programmable.
In Shift режимe non-standard offsets are not allowed, but the default offset is programmable.
To toggle the режимe press Shift during power-on. To select the default offset, press F for 1 second, then SHIFT, or F(1)+Shift. See page 30 of the manual for details on changing the default offset.
Toggle Call button function
The CALL button can operate in one of two режимes:
In the default режимe (CALLSW), it switches between the call channel and the last memory channel (if in memory recall режимe) or last frequency (if in VFO режимe).
In Call режимe it will switch from the VFO to the last memory channel and then back to the Call channel.
To toggle the режимe press Call during power-on.
Cloning
This is perhaps the most glaring omission from the user's manual. The TH-78's memory can be copied from one to another entirely over the air, without cables or other special equipment. Theoretically, this could be done via repeaters, although I've never heard it done. (It may be that this feature appears only through one of the режимs; I'd already режимified my radio when I came across. Perhaps it's time to spend a few minutes in a ham store. :-)
Cloning is a real boon to groups that want a bunch of radios to contain the same memories, such as amateur radio clubs, search and rescue units, and people too lazy to program their radios. Of course, given that the ME-1 memory expansion unit has 250 memories, laziness is understandable.
To clone:
Set both radios to the same frequency.
Activate both radios by pressing the '0' key while turning the power on. The radios will display the word "clone".
Now, click the PTT button of the "master" radio. The radio will transmit in the economy low power режимe. This may take about 4 minutes for fifty channels, or 20 minutes for the 250-memory ME-1. When the data has been transferred, both radios will revert back to their original frequency. (It is recommended that a dummy load be used to prevent unwanted interference.)
Turn both radios off and then on again.
The slave is now a mirror-image of the master radio.
Game режимe
The TH-78 has a game режимe (presumably to use up spare ROM). Being careful not to accidentally reset the memory (which happens with M + Power), press M and PTT during power-on. Both reset and game режимe display all screen items for a moment, giving one a good jolt of adrenaline. To exit the game режимe at any time, press the Lamp key. Neither volume, lamp, nor frequency settings can be changed while in game режимe.
The top part of the display will show "H.00", which represents the high score. The lower part shows a scrolling message, "PRESS ANY KEY". Pushing any key starts a "Follow Simon" type game. The display will briefly show one of the characters '1', '2', '3', or 'F'. Press the corresponding key. The game consists of repeating the displayed character sequence, which increases by one character each round.
After you "win" the Simon memory game by getting correctly entering a sequence of twenty characters you'll proceed to a draw poker game.
The poker game begins by placing a bet from 1 to 10 by pressing '2' to increment the bet and '5' to decrement. Then press 'F' to deal five cards. The face value of the cards are displayed; the suits may be seen at any time by holding down the PTT key. Any number of cards may be discarded, and to select (or deselect) a card for discarding, press the keys '1', '2', '3', '4', or '5'. If a card is selected for discard, it is displayed "face-down".
Press 'F' again to draw new cards. Your new cards will be displayed. If your hand is 2 pair or better, the screen will show the rank of your hand on the left (2P for 2 pair, 4K for four of a kind, etc.). The pay-off for that hand will be displayed on the right. Your bet is multiplied by the pay-off factor and the resulting pile of cash is displayed in the right hand side of the upper screen. The left-hand side of the upper screen contains your table stakes, which are initially 100 coins from winning the Simon game.
If you win the poker hand, pressing any key steps into the next stage. If you lose the poker hand, your bet is deducted from your stakes and you are asked to start another poker hand. In the next stage, you are asked "TRYB/S" which means, "Do you want to try double-or-nothing in a guessing game for Big or Small cards?" Press 'F' for yes, press TONE for no. If you say no, your winnings are credited into your stakes and you are asked to start another poker hand. If you say yes, then a single shuffling/incrementing card is displayed on the left, and three stars are displayed on the right. You have to choose to go for either BIG or SMALL, by pressing '2' or '5'. You can keep pressing '2' and '5' to change your mind. When you are ready, you must try to hit the 'F' key to stop the rotating card display, and the card will show, and you will either win, lose, or draw. If you draw, you have to play big/small again, I think. If you lose, your winnings are gone and you can play poker again. If you win, your winnings double and you are asked whether you want to play big/small again.
The payoff odds on poker are set against you; the double-or-nothing game includes a draw, so the odds are against the player unless you can time hitting the 'F' key to win more than half the rounds. I haven't managed to do this, so I don't know if there is anything beyond this. When the table stakes are exhausted, you go back to playing Simon again.
Several hams (including myself) have noticed inherent design flaws with the TH-78. While there's little that can be done (and what can is noted), being aware of the problem is most of the battle.
Antenna mount design flaw
This is the one that'll get you first. During normal use the antenna gets jiggled, especially if you've bought a half-meter high-performance whip antenna to replace the "rubber ducky" dummy load stub antenna that comes with the TH-78. The antenna is mounted on a mail BNC plug, which is in turn connected to the radio innards with a rigid solder joint instead of a flexible wire. When this solder joint breaks (and it will) you'll neither be able to transmit nor Приём because the antenna is no longer connected to the radio proper. Remember what the manual says about transmitting without the antenna! You can burn out your radio while you're trying to figure out what's wrong. If you're electrically minded I suggest a prophylactic first strike with a soldering iron and a centimeter of wire.
Potential case design flaw
Some time after performing режимs on his TH-78 wb1e@k1rqg.me.usa.na (which no longer exists) saw the display blank; the radio would not turn back on. With the radio opened he could turn on radio. The contents of memory had been lost. The cause turned out to be some component pins on the front face coming in contact with the square bodies of the two volume/channel/squelch switches when the case is closed.
Placing small insulating strips of electrical tape on the sides of the switches takes care of the problem.
Mark Olson confirmed this. "There is a warning on some of the rig режим bulletin boards about this. The problem is that pins on the back side of the PCB that is mounted on the front half of the TH-78 can come into contact with the volume control housings mounted on the PCB on the other half of the unit. My radio had this problem until I put electrical tape across these housings. Symptoms were display blanking momentarily and the radio power cycling, sometimes causing memory erase when pressure was applied to the front of the unit or to the volume controls. I originally thought that it was a loose battery connection."
C-17 design flaw
William A Kirsanoff said "the TH-78 will lose C-17 on the control board if dropped, period. This causes loss on Приём audio on the left-hand side of the radio. The solder pads for that cap are not big enough. If you find the need to replace C-17, use a gap-fill cyanoacrylate glue like Zap-A-Gap (tm) to increase the device footprint. I have learned the hard way. Otherwise, I have found it to be a fine radio. My only problems have been related to the C-17 issue and attempts to rectify it. Had I been given the above advice, it would have been a one-time only issue. As it is, I took out one of the microprocessors yesterday looking for a bad solder joint that was induced by my attempt to solve the C-17 problem (sigh). This radio gets a lot of use and a lot of travel. C-17 is the only thing that I have broken with the case closed. :-)"
Losing the call channel CTCSS tone
I'd heard that some TH-78s lost the call channel CTCSS tone and posted a general query: "Can you come up with an easy procedure for the readers of the guide to check whether their particular TH-78 loses the call channel tone?"
George Lin answered: "Sure. Go to the oscillator on the right (UHF oscillator). Select a UHF frequency on the VFO. Set the CTCSS tone frequency to some arbitrary number, say, 94.8 Hz. Turn on the CTCSS. Save the whole thing under the call channel for UHF. Select another UHF frequency. Select another CTCSS tone. Turn the sub-audible tone on and save it under a spare memory channel. Go back to the call channel and check the tone frequency."
TH-78 miscellany
The following are nowhere as important as are the preceeding, but they may prove useful to you.
Сотовый телефон и TH-78
Cellular telephones (in the USA) transmit at 824.040 - 848.970 MHz and Приём at 869.040 - 893.970 MHz. These frequencies are well within reach of your режимified TH-78. Cell phones frequencies have 30 KHz increments, your TH-78 will increment in 25 KHz steps at this frequency range, meaning that the exact cellular frequency cannot be tuned in (most of the time).
Legal hand-waving notice: in the USA the Electronic Communications Privacy Act forbids you from monitoring cell phones.
TH-78 имеет полнодуплексный функционал?
Early on I'd mentioned that I've had one report that the TH-78 is capable of in-band full-duplex operation. As I'd been unable to get my TH-78 with the CAP/MARS режим to do it. I asked for confirmation of this feature.
Neal, KD6HPG said "My friend (N6RNF) has a early-режимel TH-78 which was capable of doing in-band full-duplex. I have a late-режимel and can't get it to work. My friend's radio has the beyond MARS режим.
Battery life on the TH-78
Eric Williams investigated battery life issues after hearing complaints. Checking the power consumption under various configurations, Will came up with the following suggestions:
The rig draws close to 2ma even with the power turned off, so don't leave the rig off with the battery installed for several days and expect full capacity to be maintained.
If you're only using one of the bands, shut down the other to extend your battery's life. Battery consumption with the squelch closed is cut by almost a third.
If you're monitoring two frequencies on the same band, use the f2 button to Приём both simultaneously rather than scanning between them. The battery saver with two simultaneously inputs uses about half the current of one scanning input.
You can construct a battery pack by putting nickel metal hydride (NiMH) AA cells in a Kenwood BT-8 battery holder. A small strip of aluminum from the positive battery terminal to the depression in the top of the case will allow you to recharge the pack inside the rig. This will give you 1000 mAh capacity without enlarging the size of the radio and with no memory effect. (But they *are* expensive.)
In the case of power-saver режимe, figuring out the average current with my DVM was impossible, so I ran the radio on a large capacitor and timed how long it took to die.
TH-78a (American) vs. TH-78e (European/Japanese)
Kenwood makes one stock TH-78 radio, and then uses diodes to customize for the marketplace (USA, Europe/Japanese, ham users, public service users, etc.). Here are some of the observed differences between the American and European/Japanese режимes.
CTCSS ограничения
Eric Williams reminds us that the manual says that the CTCSS режимule is an option on the European режимel, but standard on the American one.
Vince explained that's because [the French] repeaters are activated by a 1750 Hz tone. If I intend to go to US this summer, must I buy the CTCSS режимule?
Alan K Biocca, WB6ZQZ related that while it varies geographically, where I am (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, California) very few 2-meter repeaters require CTCSS tones; most 440 MHz repeaters do. Many of those that do are closed anyway. You can probably get by without them.
Geoffrey S. Mendelson, N3OWJ said that it depends on where you are. In the Philadelphia area most of the open 440 MHz repeaters use CTCSS and none of the 2-meter ones do. At least one uses CTCSS for remote inputs. About 60 miles away in southern New Jersey, all of the 2 meter and 440 repeaters use CTCSS.
Ограничения частотных диапазонов
We were discussing whether the unрежимified UHF transmit range is different in the different режимes. Kenneth E. Harker passed on the VHF - UHF bands authorized in France: 50.2 to 51.2 with a special authorization, 144 to 146, 430 to 440 (shared band). Lawrence Chen provided the authorized bands in North America: 50-54, 144-148, 220-225 (222-225 in US and soon to be Canada), 420-450 (420-430, a shared band available only by special permission.
This led to the conclusion that the TH-78e only does 144-146 and 430-440 while the TH-78a does 144-148 and 440-450.
Torsten Leibold tied it all up. "Yep, you're right. The TH-78e does 144-146 MHz and 430-440 MHz without режимifications. I guess there are some secret codes to switch it to the American bands, but I don't know them.
As mentioned before, we believe it's one of the as-yet unused diodes that toggles between 'A' and 'E' performance.
Customizing the start-up message
William A. Kirsanoff reminded us "just in case you're doing a message write, don't pick slot zero. That would change your start-up message, which by default is "TH-78A", mine is "KD6MCI" :-). You can crack open the manual and read up on how these features work. I use the autodialer regularly. I don't have much use for the message memory other than the start-up trick though.
Greg Hammond shared with us the results of a quick comparison of TX power output between the TH-78a, the Alinco DJ580, and the Standard C558.
Test conditions: Powered from 7.2 volt battery pack. Single band режимe used. All figures are for NFM режимe unless stated otherwise.
Method: FM режимe: The audio output from the earphone jack was measured with an AC millivolt-meter. A calibrated RF generator was connected to the antenna BNC. The RF generator output level was increased until a 12 db fall in audio (noise) was measured. The generator level was recorded in the 'Чувствительность' columns below. There was no режимulation on the RF signal.
AM режимe: Same as above except the generator level was adjusted so that changing the AM режимulation from 0% to 90% caused a 12 db increase in audio output. The режимulation frequency was 400 Hz.
Чувствительность was measured at the displayed frequency and the first IF image frequency.
Image frequency = Displayed frequency +or- (first IF frequency * 2 ).
Results: The Kenwood had by far the highest power output at 477 MHz. Sometimes the TH-78a is more sensitive at its image frequency; 395 MHz to 430 MHz is best Приёмd by tuning from 305 MHz to 340 MHz.
First IF = 58.525 MHz
Signal Чувствительность Image Чувствительность
MHz uV MHz uV
